English Saddle

English Saddle

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English Saddle Pad Pony Pink Purple Lami cell Horse


English Saddle Pad Pony Pink Purple Lami cell Horse


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Brown English leathers Horse Pony Tack English Hunters Jumpers Eventers Saddle


Brown English leathers Horse Pony Tack English Hunters Jumpers Eventers Saddle


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Toklat Fun Print English AP Saddle Pad - Country Angels


Toklat Fun Print English AP Saddle Pad – Country Angels


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ANTARES 2008  17


ANTARES 2008 17″ medium tree 2 flap close contact English Saddle CWD Butet


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Georg Kieffer Munchin Dressage english saddle


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Wintec 500 All Purpose English Equestrian Saddle 15.5 Adjustable Gullet


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Wintec 500 All Purpose English Equestrian Saddle 16.5 with CAIR


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English saddle close contact beautiful Lovatt & Richett 161/2


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English Saddle


English Saddle


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Kentaur All Purpose English Saddle Apollon Model


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Stubben 16 inch All Purpose English Saddle


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English Saddle Pad ° NEW °


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1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


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ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


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LOT of 3 used A/P all purpose english saddle pads


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Alfa gel pad english saddle


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BLACK ENGLISH/TROOPER TACKY TACK NEOPRENE SADDLE PAD


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What is the best English horse saddle to ride a horse on?

What is the best English saddle to ride a horse on?

It depends what kind of riding you want to do and your horse’s and your body shape. If you wanted a brand I would say Wintec. They make all-purpose, dressage, jumping, close contact, ect… All of their saddles are made of synthetic leather so they aren’t damaged by the rain and can be cleaned with the hose. They also make synthetic strapping to match the saddles. All of their saddles can be used with the easy change gullet system. To get the instructions and the complete set of gullets it usually cost extra, though not always. This lets you change the width of the saddle to better fit your horse without changing the size of the saddle’s seat. They even have wide width to fit bigger breeds of horses. Most Wintec saddles also come with the cair air panel system. Instead of stuffing the bottom of the saddle they fill it with air so it will fit your horse even better and evenly distribute your weight. Between the cair and the gullet system a Wintec saddle will be very comfy for your horse. It fits so well that Wintec only recommends a thin saddle pad to be used with the saddle. The Wintec saddles are also very very comfy for the rider too. Especially the Wintec 2000. I rode in that one a couple times, and I liked it so much that I will be getting one in the near future! :) Yea! The Wintec 2000, (and maybe the other models) come with blocks that Velcro under the flap so you can adjust the amount and position of the knee roll. All in all Wintecs are very high quality and very comfy for both horse and rider, they are even easy maintenance, light weight, and matching bridles, girths, and other strappings are available.

Cambridge English

Cambridge English

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15


15″NEW BLACK LEATHER JUMP ALL PURPOSE ENGLISH SADDLE PACKAGE BY CAMBRIDGE


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English Cambridge Show Helmet Size 7


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New Devon-Aire Cambridge Zip Back English Field Boots 7 Slim


New Devon-Aire Cambridge Zip Back English Field Boots 7 Slim


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New Devon-Aire Cambridge 10 Slim Zip Back Field Boots English Show


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Beauty in the Wealth of Literary Eloquence Found in English Quranic Verses

BACKGROUND

 

This paper seeks to explain the language and literary aspects of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran in relation to the original text as revealed in Arabic.

The word “literature” is a broad term. Literature can be said to be “showing” human experience. It uses images to convey the very quality of lived experience. The Quran is a book that appeals to the understanding through our imagination. It appeals also to our emotions, reasons and intellect. The writers of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran strive to produce as close an approximation of the Quran as possible.

Literature reveals and exploits literary devices such as metaphors, similes, symbols, etc. These literary devices are the very essence of poetry. These literary devices are found in abundance in the Quran and they are also apparent in the translations of the meaning of the Quran in other languages although it is realized by all translators, scholars and authors that no one has yet been able to convey or translate the exact meaning of the Quran.

 

LEARNING THE BASIC MESSAGE OF THE QURAN

 

                                                (Here is) a Book which

                                                We have sent down

                                                Unto thee, full of blessings,

                                                That they may meditate

                                                On its Signs, and that

                                                Men of understanding may

                                                Receive admonition.

                                                                                    (Verse 29 of Surah Sad)

For Muslims, the above verse from Abdullah Yusuf Ali’s English language translation of the meaning of the Quran communicates a vital message: that the Quran is to be read, understood, reflected upon and used by them to gain enlightenment about all aspects of life and all branches of knowledge. Thus, it is important for Muslim students to have many opportunities to read and study the Quran along with their regular academic coursework. If this is not possible in the language of the Quran, which is Arabic, then these opportunities should be made available through the translations of the meaning of the Quran in other languages.

The majority of Muslims in the world are non-Arabic speakers which indeed makes it a necessity to deal with the Quran through the translations of the meaning of the Quran in various languages. Translations of the meaning of the Quran are of great importance in this ongoing process of Islamic education due to the following two reasons:

1) They enable the message of Islam to be presented to and be shared with non -Muslims.

2) They point out to Muslims who are non-Arabic speakers the revealed guidance which explains what Allah has ordained human beings to observe. Muslims have to be reminded of their duties and obligations towards Allah.

The English language, especially, as the world’s major international language would make a good medium for understanding Quranic teaching and thereby helping Muslims spread peace and harmony internationally through their practice of and commitment to Islam.

According to Abul A’la Mawdudi in Towards Understanding Islam, the Quran provides and assures continued guidance for those who seek Allah’s help. Besides this, the Quran contains warnings for human beings because it depicts human follies of the past. Thus, Muslims can apply this guidance for all time to come and in all situations that they encounter in their daily lives. Mawdudi makes it explicit when he describes the Quran as “ having embodied a framework for the conduct of the whole of human life” (Mawdudi, 1980:11).

Muslim educationists feel this correct and precious guidance should be made known to all Muslims, especially young Muslim adults, and that the spread of this knowledge can be accomplished through various means.

 

THE LANGUAGE OF THE QURAN AND THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TRANSLATIONS OF THE MEANING OF THE QURAN

 

Since the Quran was revealed in Arabic, it is necessary and of interest for a Muslim to look at the Arabic language of the Quran in more detail. At the time of revelation, the Arabs were astounded by the unmatched clarity and accuracy of the meaning and expression in the Quran.

The style and language that one uses in one’s daily life often changes according to whom one addresses. However, the language of the Quran uses the same language and the same style or expression when directed to anyone whether educated or illiterate.

Muhammad Asad talks about the Arabic language of the Quran in the foreword section of his book, The Message of the Quran:

       If, on occasion, I have found myself

       constrained to differ from the interpretations

       offered by the latter, let the reader remember

       that the very uniqueness of the Quran

      consists in the fact that the more our

      worldly knowledge and historical experience

      increase, the more meanings, hitherto

      unsuspected, revealed themselves in its pages

      (Asad,1980:p.vii).

Asad refers to the prominent Arab philologists and classical commentators when he mentions “the latter” in the above quotation. Nevertheless, he goes on to say that without the work of these Arab philologists and classical commentators of past centuries, no modern translations of the meaning of the Quran (including his own) would have been done successfully.

Asad also mentions some linguistic considerations of the Quran. He specifically mentions two terms-“al-quran” and “surah” which do not need to be changed or translated in any way since neither of these two terms has ever been used in Arabic to denote anything but the title and sections or chapters respectively. Otherwise, Asad claims to have endeavoured to transfer every Quranic concept to appropriate English expressions, sometimes finding it necessary to use “whole sentences to convey the meaning of a single Arabic word” (Asad, 1980: p. vi).

Abul A’la Mawdudi agrees with the above point when he mentions that the literature of the Quran is so rich and powerful that explanation of the most subtle aspect of the Divine knowledge or revelation is made possible (Mawdudi,1980:42).

The authors of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran try to capture this special feature of the Quran- the exact expressions and meaning in the Arabic language. Although not entirely possible, as mentioned by all translators, with extra reading and guidance, a reader will be able to understand most, if not all, of what is being said in the Quran.

 

THE LITERARY ASPECTS OF THE QURAN AND THE ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE MEANING OF THE QURAN

 

According to Ahmad von Denffer, the particular style used in the Quran is said to be like saj’ or  rhymed prose  which is “a literary form with some emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, but distinct from poetry” (Von Denffer, 1985:74). Von Denffer furnishes his readers with an example of saj’: a passage in the Quran- Surah Al-Ikhlas. He describes this passage as having irregular rhythm and having rhyme ending with the syllable ad (Von Denffer, 1985:75):

            Qul huwallahhuahad

            Allahhussamad

            Lamyalid was lam

            Yu lad

            Wa lam yakullahu

            Kufuwan ahad

Mohamed Khalifa explains that literary authorities at Al-Azhar University in Cairo have pointed out the ways in which the Quranic style is unmatched, some of which are the following:

1)The rhythms of the syllables are more sustained than in prose and less patterned than poetry. The pauses come neither in prose form nor in the manner of poetry but with a harmonious and melodic flow.

2)The sentences are constructed in an elegant manner which uses the smallest number of words, without sounding too brief, to express ideas of utmost richness.

3)The conciseness of expressions attains such a striking clarity that the least learned Arabic-speaking person can understand the Quran without difficulty. At the same time, there is such a profundity, flexibility, inspiration and radiance in the Quran that it serves as the basis for the principles and the rules of Islamic sciences and the arts, for theology, and for the judicial schools. Thus, it is almost impossible to express the ideas of the text by only one interpretation, either in Arabic or in any other language, even with the greatest care (Khalifa,1983:24).

Al-Sha’rawi mentions a miraculous feature of a literary aspect of the Quran – its use of both metrical composition and prose, in such exquisite harmony that the shift from one style to the other is barely perceptible. This intermingling of metrical and non-metrical composition is present throughout the whole of the Quran (Al-Sha’rawi,1980:31).

Thus, it is clear that the literary style of the Quran is not poetry per se, but a unique literary style.

Muhammad Asad explains the need for the use of imagery in the Quran.

This being so, it is not enough for man to be

told, “If you behave righteously in this world,

you will attain to happiness in the happiness in

the life to come”, or alternatively, “If you do wrong

in this world, you will suffer for it in the hereafter”.

Such statements would be far too general and abstract

to appeal to man’s imagination and, thus, to influence

his behaviour. What is needed is a more direct appeal

to the intellect, resulting in a kind of “visualization”

of the consequences of one’s conscious acts and omissions:

and such an appeal can be effectively produced by means

of metaphors, allegories and parables, each of them

stressing, on the one hand, the absolute dissimilarity of all

that man will experience after resurrection from whatever

he did or could experience in this world; and, on the other

hand, establishing means of comparison between these

two categories of experience (Asad, 1980:990).

The Quran contains an abundance of imagery. Imagery as a general term covers the use of language to represent objects, actions, feelings, thoughts, ideas, states of mind and any sensory or extra-sensory experience. Many Quranic images are conveyed literally. These constitute descriptive imagery whereby they clarify or give a vivid picture of something. Then, there are images which are conveyed by figurative language, such as in metaphors similes, symbols, etc. These images when projected , appeal to one’s senses. A Quranic image, like other images, may be visual (pertaining to the eye), olfactory (smell), tactile (touch), auditory (hearing), or gustatory (taste).

As mentioned above, there are images which are conveyed through the use of figurative language usually using these three literary devices-metaphors, similes and symbols. As readers of the Quran, whether in Arabic or in any other language, one needs to identify and be able to interpret figurative language so as to achieve understanding and be able to extract the deepest meaning of the message of the Quran.

 

CONCLUSION

 

The discussion in this paper of the language and literary aspects of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran in relation to the original Arabic text (the Quran) leads readers to envision the suitability of using the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran as literary texts in the teaching of literature, specifically figurative language and literary devices.

In the academic setting, especially at Islamic institutions, the introduction of the use of the English language translations of the meaning of the Quran as literary texts into the English language curriculum, would be a sure way of incorporating Islam to a larger extent.

 

REFERENCES

Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The Holy Quran.  Brentwood, Maryland:Amana Corp., 1983.

Adeyanju, Thomas K. “Teaching Literature and Human Values in ESL: Objective and Selection”.  English Language Teaching Journal. 32.2 (1978): 113 – 8.

Al Ghazali, Muhammad and Hasanah, Umar Ubayd.  Kayfa Nata’amalu Ma’al Quran : Mudarasah Bayna Alshaykh.  Virginia: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1991.

Allison, D. & Carey, J. “What do university language teachers say about language teaching research?”. TESL Canada Journal. 24(2007):61-81.

Al-Sha’rawi, Syaykh Muhammad Mitwalli. The Miracles of the Quran. Baker Street, London: Dar Al-Taqwa Ltd., 1980.

Asad, Muhammad.  The Message of the Quran.  Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus Limited, 1980.

Borj, S. “Conditions for teacher research.” English Teaching Forum. 44(2006):22-27.

Bowen, T. & Marks, J. Inside Teaching. Oxford: Macmillan, 1994.

Carter, R. & Long, M. Teaching Literature. London: Longman, 1991.

Duff, Alan and Alan Maley.  The Inward Ear.  Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Frye, Northrop, Sheridan Warner Baker and Geroge B. Perkins.  The Harper Handbook to Literature. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Khalifa, Mohammad.  The Sublime Qur’an and Orientalism.  Essex, England: Longman Group Ltd., 1983.

Kramsch, C. Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Labom, Jol. Tafsil Ayat AlQuran AlHakim.  Lebanon: Dar Alkitab Alarabi, 1963.

Larsen, F.D. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Lazar, G. Literature and Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Mawdudi, Abul A’la.  Toward Understanding Islam.  Leicester: Islamic Foundations, 1980.

Montet, Edward. AlMustadrak.  Lebanon: Dar Alkitab Alarabi, 1963.

O’Malley, J.M. & Valdez, P.L. Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners: Practical Approaches for Teachers. New York: Addison Wesley, 1996.

Oxford, R. Language Learning Strategies around the World: Cross-cultural Perspectives. Manoa: University of Hawaii Press, 1996.

Peregov, S.F. & Boyle, O.F. Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2001.

Perrine, Laurence.  Literature – Structure, Sound and Sense – 4th Edition. New York: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.

Pickthall, M. Marmaduke.  The Meaning of the Glorious Koran.  New York: Mentor Books, 1963.

Richards, J.C. & Nunan, D. Second Language Teacher Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Richards, J. & Rodgers, T.S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A Description and Analysis. (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Stevick, Earl W. Images and Options in the Language Classroom. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Von Denffer, Ahmad.  Ulum Al-Quran, An Introduction to the Sciences of the Quran.  Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1985.

Wilkins, D.A. [David Arthur]  Second Language Learning and Teaching.  London: Edward Arnold, 1974.

Woodward, T. Models and Metaphors in Language Teacher Training. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Wright, Andrew.  Pictures for Language Learning. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

 

About the Author

I am, at present, a Lecturer in the English Department at the British University in Egypt — El Shorouk City, Cairo. I am a U.S. citizen with a PhD in English Literature and Applied Linguistics-Stylistics, as well as a master’s degree and a postgraduate teaching diploma in Teaching English as a Second Language. I have taught both in the United States and abroad.

My research is in the field of using English language translations of the Quran as material for the teaching of English language and literature to non-native English speakers. I have done extensive work in this area since 1992, and I have accumulated many case studies and classroom observations. Starting from the experience of substituting sections from the Quran for the standard classroom text, I have employed various pedagogical approaches to teaching the Quran as literature — questionnaires, stylistic analysis, comparative studies of different English language translations, linguistic analysis of verses, and so on. I have also organized a forum on this topic with experts in the field.

In doing all of this, my intention was not to look at the religious value of the verses, but at the literary value that is so abundant in both the English language translations and the original.I have been able to prepare a number of articles based on the data from my classroom experiences. I would like to share my research-based findings through my articles internationally.

English Close

English Close

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ANTARES 2008  17


ANTARES 2008 17″ medium tree 2 flap close contact English Saddle CWD Butet


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The Best Way to Learn English Quickly

Have you ever wondered why children seem to be able to learn to speak English a lot faster than adults? The reason is mainly because they don’t have the fear associated with learning a new language that adults have. The biggest problem that many people face when they start to learn English is a fear of not being able to master the language. They are afraid that they will not be able to pronounce the words correctly or that they will make a mistake that others will find funny and laugh about. Practice is the key to learning any language. You must practice as much as you can and learn from your mistakes, which are bound to happen.

Even if you attend classes to help with your English learning, there are many other resources you can use. The Internet has many sites that offer free instruction in English along with practice exercises and worksheets you can use to complement your classes. If you can, develop a friendship with a native English speaker with whom you can practice and pick up the various nuances of the language and use the rules of correct grammar.

One of the best ways of learning English is to become immersed in the language. If you are learning the language from your native country, you should try to watch English television. However, the best way is to live in a place where everyone speaks English. Then you won’t have any choice but pick up the language. Take notes in English, read English books and listen to English music. Speak the language as much as you can to give you practice. As you start developing your language skills, you will find yourself “thinking” in English, which is important.

Watching English language television and films is an excellent way to learn the language. If your TV has closed captioning capability, you could watch the programs in your own language and read the English words on the bottom of the screen. Not only will you increase your vocabulary, but you will also improve the flow of your speech. Cartoons and educational programs for children are also great ways of learning the vocabulary and rules of grammar. Another method is to use books for beginning readers in English because these books usually have pictures with the English words to accompany them.

Listening to songs in English is an effective way of learning the language as well. Learn the lyrics of the songs and sing along with the singer as you listen. You can get the words to many popular songs online. Study as often as possible to increase your vocabulary.

As you read from English texts, record yourself and then listen to how you pronounce the words. On many online sites there are recorded conversations that you can listen to and read along with. Then when you play back the recording of your own reading, you will be able to see where you make mistakes or areas where you have done well. Even though no one likes listening to the sound of their own voice it is an important part of learning to speak English.

About the Author

For a great English tutorial, as well as lots of lessons for learning English visit http://www.the EnglishSubject.net the best place to learn English online.

English Dressage

English Dressage

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Georg Kieffer Munchin Dressage english saddle


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**Courbette** Black English / Dressage Horse Bridle w Copper Roller Bit


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Black ENGLISH Sheepskin Saddle Seat Cover All Purpose Dressage Engel Horse Tack


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English Disciplines – Dressage

When thinking of dressage the first thing that often comes to mind are the incredible efforts of the riders in the Olympic dressage ring each Summer Olympics. What many people don’t know is that there is a lot more to dressage than just competing at the higher levels.

“Dressage” is actually derived from the French word for “training”. So basically, any training you do with your horse is a form of dressage. From teaching your horse basic aids and transitions to more advanced moves, proper training is the key to dressage.

Any horse can learn dressage. At the lower levels even the most homely pleasure horse can compete successfully. This is because the basics of dressage have nothing to do with how fancy a horse is or how well it moves, but instead are based on good transitions, correct carriage and quality riding. Whether you are looking to compete, or just want better enjoyment from your horse, basic dressage will give you a leg-up in your riding.

At the lowest levels the movements in dressage are very simple. There are even classes set up for horses and riders who are not yet ready to move up from doing walk-trot. Basic tests focus on the walk, trot and canter, simple forms such as 20 meter circles and riding across the diagonal and simple transitions. The tests are judged on how willing the horse is, whether the movements are performed correctly, if the rider is effective in his or her aids and the smoothness of the ride overall.

As you gain experience and show in higher levels things become more difficult. The horse is expected to carry itself in a correct frame, working on the bit and moving forward from its hindquarters. While the basic three gaits are still important, the tests begin to add things like lengthening and shortening stride which gradually progresses to true collection and extension. As the horse progresses, it will be expected to learn lateral movements such as leg yields, half passes, shoulder in and many others. Further training moves into high-collection movements such as piaffe, pirouettes and multiple lead changes.

In the higher levels a horse is expected to be of a higher quality. While in lower levels any horse should be able to perform adequately, the higher levels look for an animal who is a class above the rest. Riders look for horses with superb movement, often with lots of action in the front end. They need to be able to track up from behind so that they can carry themselves in such a way as to free up the front end for higher level movements. Ideally riders seek a horse who naturally is built uphill and who can carry itself in a good frame without being restricted by conformational problems. Most riders prefer a bigger horse of a warmblood-type build, neither overly light, nor heavy.

A good dressage test is a true joy to watch. Horse and rider work together in quiet unity seemingly dancing through the test as though in a private ballet. Indeed, a well ridden Grand Prix test is truly awe inspiring.

About the Author

Lydia V Kelly is a writer for www.HorseClicks.com, popular classifieds of
dressage horses for sale
,
used trailers
and
ranches for sale
.

English All

English All

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Wintec 500 All Purpose English Equestrian Saddle 15.5 Adjustable Gullet


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How Learn English: Listen, Laugh, and Stare

Watch children who move to a new country and are surrounded by people speaking a language that they don’t know, what do they do? Look at a small child who turns on a video on TV in a language that they’ve never heard before. What do they do? They listen; they don’t try to speak. Their eyes open wide and they listen intently. They don’t think about it, they don’t try to translate everything, they don’t try to speak the new language- but they are learning it.

This was observed by Dr. J. Marvin Brown, founder of the Automatic Language Growth method and the ALGworld school in Thailand. He said, “We look at children who have moved to a new country, and we see them ‘listen, laugh, and stare’. The child’s secret; ears open, mouths shut, no tests. They become near-native within two years.”

Near-native speakers within two years! Most people try to learn English with the usual methods for much longer than two years, and they can’t even speak a few sentences in a conversation with a native speaker. I know this because I am an English teacher and I see it every day: students who study English for 5 years and even more, but who can’t have even the most simple conversation with me in English.

Dr. Brown went on to say, “Then we look into language classrooms around the world, and we see just the opposite; ears practically closed (the students use their eyes instead), mouths open, and a lot of tests. Very  few of these students become near-native.”

This is the normal language student: not listening to native speakers, trying to speak before they know how, and taking tests. This is the normal, traditional way of learning English. It doesn’t work! You will never become fluent in English in this way.

To learn to speak English you have to learn like a child does naturally. Just listen a lot to native speakers. Don’t try to speak. Don’t use textbooks. Don’t take tests. And it’s easier if you are laughing!

About the Author

English Teacher Fred is an American who has been teaching English in Vietnam since 2001, long enough to understand that traditional methods of teaching and learning a second language do not work. To really help students become fluent in English, Fred has created a series of English lessons available on ListeningMethodEnglish.com

English Ridding

English Ridding

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Memory Guru ways to improve your English- THE MEMORY GURU OF INDIA

1.      Start your own English language blog. Even for people who don’t have to write in English, writing can be a great way of properly learning the kind of vocabulary you need to describe your own life and interests, and of thinking about how to stop making grammar mistakes. The problem most people have is that they don’t know what to write about. One traditional way to make sure you write every day in English is to write an English diary (journal), and a more up to date way of doing this is to write a blog. Popular topics include your language learning experience, your experience studying abroad, your local area, your language, or translations of your local news into English.

2.      Write a news diary. Another daily writing task that can work for people who would be bored by writing about their own routines in a diary is to write about the news that you read and listen to everyday. If you include your predictions for how you think the story will develop (e.g. “I think Hillary will become president”), this can give you a good reason to read old entries another time, at which time you can also correct and mistakes you have made and generally improve what you have written.

3.      Sign up for a regular English tip. Some websites offer a weekly or even daily short English lesson sent to your email account. If your mobile phone has an e-mail address, it is also possible to have the tips sent to your phone to read on the way to work or school. Please note, however, that such services are not usually graded very well to the levels of different students, and they should be used as a little added extra or revision in your English studies rather than as a replacement for something you or your teacher have chosen more carefully as what you need to learn.

4.      Listen to MP3s. Although buying music on the internet is becoming more popular in many countries, not so many people know that you can download speech radio such as audio books (an actor reading out a novel) and speech radio. Not only is this better practice for your English than listening to English music, from sources like Scientific American, BBC and Australia’s ABC Radio it is also free.

5.      Listen to English music. Even listening to music while doing something else can help a little for things like getting used to the natural rhythm and tone of English speech, although the more time and attention you give to a song the more you will learn from listening to it again in the future.

6.      Read the lyrics to a song. Although just listening to a song in English can be a good way of really learning the words of the chorus in an easily memorable way, if you want to really get something out of listening to English music you will need to take some time to read the lyrics of the song with a dictionary. If the lyrics are not given in the CD booklet, you may be able to find them on the internet, but please note that some lyrics sites deliberately put a few errors into their lyrics for copyright reasons. Once you have read and understood the lyrics,  if you then listen and read at the same time, this can be a good way of understanding how sounds change in fast, natural, informal speech.

7.      Sing karaoke in English. The next stage after understanding and memorising a song is obviously to sing it. Although some words have their pronunciation changed completely to fit in with a song, most of the words have the same sounds and stressed syllables as in normal speech. Remembering which words rhyme at the end of each line can also be a good way of starting to learn English pronunciation.

8.      Write a film, music, hotel or book review. Another motivating and easy way to make yourself write in English is to write a review for a site such as Amazon or Internet Movie Database. Many non-native speakers write reviews on sites like this, and if you have some special understanding of the book, music or film due to your first language or knowing the artist personally, that would be very interesting for the English speakers who read and write reviews on the site.

9.      Only search in English. Switching your search engine to the English language version of msn, yahoo, Google etc. can not only be a good way of practising fast reading for specific information in English, but could also give you a wider choice of sites to choose from and give you an idea of what foreigners are writing about your country and area.

10.  Read a book you’ve already read or seen the movie of in your own language. Although most language learners under Advanced level would probably learn more from reading a graded reader or something from the internet than they would from reading an original book written for English speakers, for some people reading something like Harry Potter in the original can be a great motivator to improve their English. To make this easier for you and make sure that it motivates you rather than just making your tired, try reading a book that you already know the story of. This not only makes it easier to understand and guess vocabulary, but you are also more likely to remember the language in it. If you have not read the book before, reading a plot summary from the internet can also help in the same way.

11.  Read a translation into English. Another way of making sure books are easier to understand is to choose a book that was originally translated into English, preferably from your own language. Even if you haven’t read the book in your own language, you will find the English is written in a slightly simplified way that is more similar to how your own language is written than a book originally written in English would be.

12.  Skip the first ten pages. If you have given up with a book in English or are reading it very slowly, try skimming through the first ten pages or skipping them completely. The start of most books tend to be mainly description and are therefore full of difficult vocabulary and don’t have a clear story line yet to help you understand what is happening and to motivate you to turn the next page. If the book is still too difficult even after the introductionary part is finished, it is probably time to give that book up for now and try it again after you have read some easier things.

13.  Read a book with lots of dialogue. Opening up books before you buy one and flicking through them to find one with lots of direct dialogue in it has several advantages. If there is less text on the page due to all the speech marks etc, this can make it easier to read and easier to write translations on. Dialogue is also much easier to understand than descriptive parts of a book, and is much more like the language you will want to learn in order to be able to speak English.

14.  Read English language comics. Even more than books with lots of dialogue, comics can be easy to understand and full of idiomatic language as it is actually spoken. There can be difficulties with slang, difficult to understand jokes and/ or dialogue written how people speak rather than with normal spellings, so try to choose which comic carefully. Usually, serious or adventure comics are easier to understand than funny ones.

15.  Read English language entertainment guides. Nowadays most big cities in the world have an English language magazine and/ or online guide to the movies, plays, exhibitions that are on in the city that week. Reading this in English is not only good value, but it could also guide you to places that English speakers are interested in and where you might hear some English spoken around you.

16.  Read English language magazines. Like books, if you can read two versions of the same magazine (Newsweek in your language and in English, for example), that could make understanding it much easier.

17.  Take a one week intensive course. Although you cannot expect to come out of a very short course speaking much better English than when you started it, if you continue studying a little over the following weeks and months, the knowledge you gained then will gradually come out and mean that your level of speaking, listening etc. are better than they would have been if you hadn’t taken that course. This positive effect can still be true up to a year later.

18.  Follow your intensive course up with an extensive course. The more time you can spend studying English the better, but studying periodic intensive courses with a few hours of study a week in between is probably better value for money than any other system as it gives your brain time to subconsciously learn and start using the new language you have learnt before you introduce the next new “chunk” of language.

19.  Supplement your group class with a one to one class. Another good way to combine two different kinds of classes is to study both in a group class and one to one. Having a one to one teacher, even if just a couple of times a month, will mean that you can be taught exactly the language that you need, that you will have more time to speak, and that you can have as much error correction as you like.

20.  Supplement your one to one class with a group class. The benefits of having a group class are often less clear to students, but they include the fact that you will learn to deal with several people speaking at once, have a chance to practice skills such as interrupting people, and will hear a range of different viewpoints and topics.

21.  Teach your children or friends some English. Recent research has shown that elder children tend to be a couple of IQ points above their younger siblings, and the most likely reason is that explaining things to their little brothers and sisters gives them an intellectual boost. In the same way, teaching someone lower level than you the English you already know is a great way of permanently fixing that knowledge in your own brain.

22.  Ask your company to start English lessons. Even if you don’t need to speak English at work, English lessons can be a fun and reasonably priced way for your company to spend their training budget in a popular way.

23.  Have English radio on in the background while you are doing your housework. Even if you are not listening carefully, it will help you get a feel for natural English rhythm and intonation.

24.  Play English language learning games on your Nintendo DS. Although such games can have quite random language and are unlikely to improve your ability to speak English on their own, the next time you hear or read the same language elsewhere it will be really fixed in your brain by the fact you have played a game with it in already. It is also a nice way of taking a break from your other English studies while also doing some English. To make sure it really is a break and to avoid wasting time learning language from the game that is not much used in daily life, don’t bother writing down any new language you see in the game, but just try to learn it from playing the game again.

25.  Say or think what you are doing in English as you do your daily tasks. As you are doing your chores, try creating sentences describing what you are doing, e.g. ‘I am unscrewing the ketchup bottle cap’. This gets you used to thinking in English without translating, and can be a good way of seeing what simple vocabulary that is around you everyday you don’t know. yet

26.  Watch English language films with English subtitles. For people who can’t understand a film without subtitles but find themselves not listening at all when reading subtitles in their own language, this should be the way of watching a film that you should aim for. If it is too difficult to watch the whole film this way, try watching the (usually important) first 10 or 15 minutes of the film with subtitles in your own language, switch to English subtitles after that, and only switch back to subtitles in your own language if you get totally lost following the story of the film.

27.  Watch films in your language with English subtitles. If you are finding English films with English subtitles too difficult or you can’t find English films with English subtitles in your local video shop, this is a good second best option. Looking for local films with English subtitles can also sometimes be a good sign of quality, as it means the producers of the film are expecting it to be popular internationally as well.

28.  Watch English films with subtitles in your language. Again, this is not as good practice as English language films with English subtitles, but is more relaxing, can be easier to find suitable DVDs for, and is also possible with VHS.

29.  Watch the same film or TV episode over and over again. This can not only save you money on DVDs, but will mean that you can really learn the language without having to study it. Some comedies can also get funnier the more you watch them, especially if you watch them with no subtitles and so understand a little more each time you watch it.

30.  Be realistic about your level. One thing that holds many language learners back is actually trying too hard and tackling something that their brain is not ready for yet. Checking your level with a level check test on the internet, by taking an English language test (FCE, CAE, IELTS, TOEIC, TOEFL etc.), or by taking a free trial level check and/ or lesson in a language school will help you find out what your level is and so choose suitable self-study materials.

31.  Be realistic about your reading level. Most researchers agree that people learn most when reading something they understand almost all of. If there are one or two words per page that you have never seen before, that is about the right level. If there are three or more on every page, you should switch to something easier and come back later.

32.  Read graded readers (= easy readers). These are books that are especially written for language learners like you, e.g. Penguin Readers. Although it can be difficult to find something as interesting as things written in newspapers or on the internet, in terms of learning the language only people who need to read for their work or an exam usually gain more from reading things written for graded readers. Graded readers of classic books like Charles Dickens also have the benefit of giving you a lot of knowledge about the literature, and culture more generally, of English speaking countries in a short time.

33.  Read the whole thing with no help. Although using a dictionary has been shown to help with both short term and long term learning of vocabulary, the fact that using it slows reading down can stop some people reading in English at all. Reading a whole book quickly through just for pleasure from time to time will help you remember how fun reading in another language can be.

34.  Read and learn everything. At the opposite extreme, it can be hard work but very satisfying to get to the end of a book knowing that you have learnt every word in it. See other tips on this page to make sure it is a book that is easy enough to do this with and to ensure that the vocabulary you learn is useful.

35.  Watching English children’s films or TV programmes. Although some of the vocabulary you can learn from things made for children can be a bit strange (lots of animal names and maybe animal noises, including baby names for things), the fact that not only the language but the structure of the story is simplified can make it an easy and motivating thing to watch. Like good language learning materials, the same language is also often repeated to make it memorable, and the use of catchy songs etc. can increase this positive effect on your memory.  

36.  Read English children’s books. This is very similar to watching English children’s movies, but with the added advantage of there being more illustrations than adult books, which both helps you to understand the story and makes the page brighter and more motivating to read.

37.  Keep a list of language to learn, e.g. a vocab list. Even if you don’t often find time to go though your vocab list and it keeps on building up, just the act of choosing which words you need to learn and writing them down on a special list can help you learn them.

38.  Go through your vocab list several times every day. If ticking off words on a vocabulary list on the train to work is inconvenient or embarrassing for you, you can keep your list of words to learn as an entry in your electronic dictionary, as a mobile phone to do list or as a text file in your MP3 player (e.g. iPod). Although the time spent transferring the information between different formats like these may seem wasted, in fact any time you spend using the vocabulary like this will help you learn it.

39.  Convert your vocab list to English only. One way to stop yourself translating and therefore increase your speed of comprehension and production is to learn all your vocabulary without the use of your own first language. Ways you can write a vocab list in only English include with synonyms (words with the same meaning, e.g. “tall” and “high”); with opposites (“high” and “low”); with pronunciation factors such as number of syllables (the number of beats, e.g. three for “de- ci- sion”) and the word stress (the syllable that is pronounced louder and longer, e.g. the second syllable in “baNAna”); and gapped sentences (e.g. “I am not _________________ in science fiction” for the word “interested”).

40.  Cross out and delete. Crossing out or deleting words, sentences or whole pages that you have learnt can be a great motivator, and save your list of things to learn becoming too big to handle.

41.  Throw everything away and start again. One of the things that can put most people off learning is a stack of half finished books or a huge list vocabulary waiting to be learnt. Simply getting rid of all that and starting again with something new from zero can be a great motivator and get your studies underway again.

42.  Label things in your house or office with post-its. The easiest vocabulary to learn is the vocabulary of things you see and use everyday. If you can write the names of things around you on slips of paper and stick them on the real thing, this is a great way of learning useful vocabulary. If you can leave them there over the following days and weeks, this is a very easy way of revising the vocabulary until it is properly learnt.

43.  Label a drawing. For people who can’t put labels on real things, the next best option is to take a photo of a real place in your life like your office, print it out, and then draw lines to all of the things you can see in the picture and label them in English with the help of a dictionary. You can do the same thing with places you pass through everyday like the station. Because you will see the same thing again and again, it should be easy to really learn the words for those things.

44.  Keep a diary in English. This is a popular method of making sure you use English everyday for people who don’t often speak English and can’t think of things to write about. The fact that you are writing about real things that have happened to you means that any words you look up in the dictionary will be vocabulary that is useful for you and easy to learn.

45.  Online chat. The closest thing to speaking for people who don’t have the chance to speak English is online chat, as you have to think and respond quickly, and the language is short and informal just like speech.

46.  Listen to the radio news in English. You can make this easier by reading the news in English first, or even just by reading or listening to the news in your own language.

47.  Read an English language newspaper. Freebie newspapers like “Metro” in London are usually the easiest to understand, followed by mid-brow titles like “The Daily Express” or “The Daily Mail” in English. Popular newspapers like “The Sun” are more difficult because of the idiomatic, slangy use of language and the number of jokes in the headlines and articles.

48.  Write fiction in English, e.g. short stories. For people who find writing a diary about things that happen to them everyday boring, the best thing is to let your imagination go and write about whatever comes into your head. The advantage of this is that if you can’t think of how to say something in English, you can just change the story to something that is easier to explain. Perhaps the easiest way to start writing fiction in English is with a diary, changing any details you like to make it more interesting and adding more and more fantasy as the weeks go on.

49.  English language exercise videos. This is quite similar to how babies learn, by listening, watching and copying. It is also good for your health!

50.  Learn a famous speech or poem in English by heart. Although you may never hear or get the chance to say exactly that line, having one memorable example of an English grammatical form in your head can make it much easier to learn other examples of the same grammar as you hear them. It is also something you can practice over and over without being as boring as grammatical drills.

51.  Get tipsy (= a little drunk) before speaking English. This can not only improve your fluency while you are drinking, but can also improve your confidence in future days and weeks by showing you that you can communicate what you want to say.

52.  Use a dictionary while you are watching a movie. Films often have the same words many times, so if you look up important words the first or second time you hear them, you should have learnt them by the end of the film. It is easier to use a dictionary if you watch with English subtitles.

53.  Learn and use the phonemic script. Although there are many sounds in English, there are even more spellings. By learning the phonemic script and writing vocabulary down with it, you can both add another stage to your vocabulary learning that should help you learn it more thoroughly, and improve your pronunciation. It can also make things easier for you by stopping you trying to pronounce different spellings of the same pronunciation different ways.

54.  Learn some spelling rules. Many people think that English spelling is random, but in fact most words follow some kind of rule, e.g. the “magic E” that changes the pronunciation of “mad” and “made”.

55.  Record your own voice. For people who don’t have much or any correction of pronunciation from a teacher, recording yourself and listening back makes it easier to hear whether you are really making the English sounds that you are trying to or not.

56.  Use computer pronunciation analysis. Although most programmes that claim to tell you when you are pronouncing correctly or not don’t actually do that, listening many times and seeing how your voice changes as you try to match the sounds and waveform given by a pronunciation CD ROM can be good practice and more motivating than just recording your own voice.

57.  Learn as many words as you can of one category, e.g. animal words. Learning similar words together can both expand your overall vocabulary and make them easier to learn by forming links between the words in your brain.

58.  Take holidays abroad. This is not only a good opportunity to speak English in situations where you really have to make yourself understood in order to live, but it is also a good motivator to study English seriously in the weeks and months before your trip. If possible, also try to use English even when you could use your own language, e.g. when you pick a guided tour of a museum or historic place or when you book a flight on the internet, and try to avoid package tours.

59.  Draw pictures of the words you want to learn. Especially if you are artistic, this can be a better way of learning vocabulary than writing translations or example sentences.

60.  Find a foreign boyfriend or girlfriend. No tips on how to do this here, but everyone agrees that getting or even just looking for a date in English can be a great motivator to improve your language skills.

61.  Arrange a conversation exchange. Swapping lessons and conversation with someone who wants to learn your language can be a good alternative for those who aren’t looking for romance, or can sometimes lead onto dating for those who are!

62.  Sign up for an English language exam. Even if you don’t need to take an exam and don’t want to or can’t take a special course to study for it, paying to take an exam like TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS or FCE can really motivate you take your English studies seriously.

63.  Model your accent on one particular actor. e.g. try to speak like Robert De Niro. Students who say they want to sound more like a native speaker have the problem that native speakers don’t sound all that much like each other. Choosing one model can make the task of improving your pronunciation more clear, and is quite fun. Doing an impression of that person also makes a good party trick.

64.  Use an English-English dictionary. Trying to use a bilingual dictionary less and switching to a monolingual one can help you to stop translating in you head when you are speaking or listening, and other useful English vocabulary can come up while you are using the dictionary.

65.  Occasionally talk to or e-mail your friends in English. Many people find this a bit false or embarrassing, but if you think of it as a study club and set a particular time and/ or place, it is no different from studying maths together.

66.  Go to an English or Irish pub. As well as having a menu in English and being a good way of finding out something about the culture of English speaking countries, you might also find there are free English language listings magazines, English language sports on the TV and/ or foreign people you can speak to.

67.  Buy a speaking electronic dictionary. Although most electronic dictionaries are not as good as paper ones for the amount of information they give you about each word, some of them have the very useful function of saying the word with the correct pronunciation.

68.  Learn your electronic dictionary vocabulary list. Most electronic dictionaries also have a button which you can push to see the last 30 or more words you looked up. By deleting words you decide are useless or you have already learnt from this list, you can use it as a “to do list” of words to learn that you can look at several times a day in the train etc.

69.  Switch operating system to English. Changing the operating language of your mobile phone, video recorder etc. to English can be an easy way of making sure you use the language everyday.

70.  Set goals. Deciding how many hours you want to study, how many words you want to learn or what score you want to get in a test are all good ways of making sure you do extra study.

About the Author

The Memory Guru of India-About

Mr. N L. Shraman (Tuesday, April 15, 1952) was born in India . Mr. Shraman is popularly known as “The Memory Guru of India” and his teaching techniques as “Memory Guru” . He is also listed on Brain Guide Portal “ The Expert’s Portal USA”. He is world’s top writer on mental memory, speed math, examination guide on “Google encyclopedia- Google Knol”. The disciples from all over world are learning from him .
He can be accessed from anywhere in any search engine by entering word “memory guru of India” or sending SMS “memoryguru” to 56070. There are more than 2,00,000 references of memory guru on IT world. He has also written “Hindi Mnemonics” on Wikipedia, the world’s largest Encyclopedia. He is capable to change any lesson in a manner, so that it may be memorized immediatyely. Mr, Shraman has conducted large number of Workshops, seminars, charity shows in colleges, universities, schools, clubs, and societies. Mr. Shraman has devised various new techniques especially for Indian students. These helps in improving memory upto 500 percent. The students applying techniques always get 80 to 100 percent marks and saves 80 percent time on study. Would you like to know more about memory guru please visit www.unlimitedmemory.co.cc or sms “memoryguru about “ to 56070 . Mail for free seminars: nlshraman@yahoo.co.in

Leather English

Leather English

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2-way adjustable leather nose Hackamore - English Hackamore NEW


2-way adjustable leather nose Hackamore – English Hackamore NEW


$22.95


Brown English leathers Horse Pony Tack English Hunters Jumpers Eventers Saddle


Brown English leathers Horse Pony Tack English Hunters Jumpers Eventers Saddle


$19.99


NEW F421 HILASON FANCY FIGURE 8 LEATHER ENGLISH BRIDLE WITH REINS


NEW F421 HILASON FANCY FIGURE 8 LEATHER ENGLISH BRIDLE WITH REINS


$79.01


Ladies English Paddock Shoes Riding Boots leather Lace Dark Brow Suede Size 11


Ladies English Paddock Shoes Riding Boots leather Lace Dark Brow Suede Size 11


$25.50


Paddock Shoes Riding Boots Ladies English leather Lace Lt Tan Suede Size 6.5


Paddock Shoes Riding Boots Ladies English leather Lace Lt Tan Suede Size 6.5


$24.50


EQUESTRIAN ENGLISH LEATHER SKELETON KNEE JUMPING BOOTS/PADS-UNUSED COB ♡


EQUESTRIAN ENGLISH LEATHER SKELETON KNEE JUMPING BOOTS/PADS-UNUSED COB ♡


$22.11


English horse tack stirrup leathers by DaVinci England brown 18 hole 1


English horse tack stirrup leathers by DaVinci England brown 18 hole 1″x54″


$40.00


Brand New Close Contact Fleece English Saddle Pad By Congress Leather Co.


Brand New Close Contact Fleece English Saddle Pad By Congress Leather Co.


$30.00


English horse tack European dressage leathers with strap covers 1


English horse tack European dressage leathers with strap covers 1″ wide 26″ adj


$45.00


MADE IN BRAZIL BROWN LEATHER ENGLISH RIDING BOOTS 8 M WOMEN'S U.S.A.x


MADE IN BRAZIL BROWN LEATHER ENGLISH RIDING BOOTS 8 M WOMEN’S U.S.A.x


$44.99


Leather English shaped girth size 44 with elastic at one end


Leather English shaped girth size 44 with elastic at one end


$25.00


English Horse  Reins Leather


English Horse Reins Leather


$12.00


English Dark Brown Leather Raised Bridle Flat Rubber Grip Reins


English Dark Brown Leather Raised Bridle Flat Rubber Grip Reins


$14.99


NEW F508 HILASON LEATHER ENGLISH PADDED BRIDLE AND REINS - BROWN


NEW F508 HILASON LEATHER ENGLISH PADDED BRIDLE AND REINS – BROWN


$59.02


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL ENGLISH BROWN  REINS SET


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL ENGLISH BROWN REINS SET


$39.99


English leather girth LOT OF 2 - size 48 and 50


English leather girth LOT OF 2 – size 48 and 50


$20.00


1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


$19.99


ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


$19.99


2 Piece English Dressage Girth - Black Leather - Size 30 - NWT


2 Piece English Dressage Girth – Black Leather – Size 30 – NWT


$35.00


NEW!! English Dressage Girth - Black Leather - Size 32


NEW!! English Dressage Girth – Black Leather – Size 32


$26.00


NEW !! English Dressage Girth - Black Leather -  Size 30


NEW !! English Dressage Girth – Black Leather – Size 30


$25.00


Nice Brown Leather English Bridle with Full Cheek Snaffle Bit Tack No Reins


Nice Brown Leather English Bridle with Full Cheek Snaffle Bit Tack No Reins


$24.99


F 229 NEW HILASON LEATHER HORSE ENGLISH BRIDLE HEADSTALL - BLACK


F 229 NEW HILASON LEATHER HORSE ENGLISH BRIDLE HEADSTALL – BLACK


$55.00


Youth Brown Suede Leather English Schooling Chaps - size 14


Youth Brown Suede Leather English Schooling Chaps – size 14


$25.00


SOFT & Supple English leather  brown horse lead with brass snap


SOFT & Supple English leather brown horse lead with brass snap


$10.99


Leather Girth Sz 50


Leather Girth Sz 50″ Brown – Harmony Kraft – Regal Contoured- For English Saddle


$55.00


STUBBEN English/Jump Saddle - Stirrups/Leathers - SEIGFRED - 18


STUBBEN English/Jump Saddle – Stirrups/Leathers – SEIGFRED – 18″ – HTF! GREAT!


$305.00


New English Flex Tree Black Harness & Black Smooth Leather Seat Saddle 16 C906


New English Flex Tree Black Harness & Black Smooth Leather Seat Saddle 16 C906


$435.00


Stübben Saddle Bridle Leather Soap Cleaner English Western Dressage Jumpers


Stübben Saddle Bridle Leather Soap Cleaner English Western Dressage Jumpers


$12.95


CHILDRENS ENGLISH SADDLE SAFETY STIRRUPS BREAKAWAY PEACOCK IRONS 3 3/4


CHILDRENS ENGLISH SADDLE SAFETY STIRRUPS BREAKAWAY PEACOCK IRONS 3 3/4″ LEATHERS


$39.95


Guide To Buying A Leather Sofa

A leather sofa can be a positive addition to any room. Leather sofas are available in a range of classic, traditional and contemporary designs, and in a variety of shapes and sizes; 2 seater, 3 seater, armchairs, sofabeds, corner sofas and more.

There are several reasons why leather sofas have remained so popular for so long. Leather constantly adjusts to its environment, so it’s not hot and sticky in the summer, nor cold in the winter. Leather mellows gracefully with age and regular use, and is far easier to clean than most fabrics. With a little care, a leather sofa will last for many years.

How Leather Sofas are Made

Leather is produced by the tanning and finishing of hides and skins which are a by-product of mainly domestic animals. Due to the large panels necessary for the production of leather upholstery, it is cow hide that is preferred in the vast majority of cases.

Every hide has its own unique signature and if examined carefully will show its own history from its grazing habits to the climate in which it was raised. It is these so-called defects that give leather its character.

Hides are selected and finished by leather experts. Each is hand picked from English and European stock, considered the best in the world. Wooden sofa frames are usually of solid Birch, Beech or Ash hardwood, and seats are either steel sprung or layered with high tension webbing.

Sofa manufacturing is overseen by the Association of Master Upholsterers and Soft Furnishers (AMUSF) which was founded in 1947 to protect the interests of upholsterers, small furniture makers, and soft furnishers. Today the Association runs training courses at Approved Training Centres around the country and is part of the Furniture, Furnishings & Interiors industry, which comprises around 12,000 UK workplaces and employs around 147,000 people.

Choosing a Leather Sofa

When choosing your leather sofa, follow these simple design tips:

Use paint charts or magazines for inspiration. These are useful when you want a colour scheme for the whole room, not just the walls.

Light coloured walls can be contrasted with bolder furniture colours to make an individual statement.

Vibrant colours on walls can overpower furniture and make a room feel smaller. It is definitely better to use lighter tones if you don’t want your furniture to be ignored.

The materials you choose make a statement. Plush velvets and chenilles add luxury, while cottons and other natural fibres provide the utilitarian and functional feel.

Cushions scattered on your leather sofa are an easy way to introduce another colour to your room. Patterned cushions are popular and can brighten up a room.

Brown or lighter colour leather sofas will suit most rooms, while black leather tends to fit with ultra modern, minimalist interiors.

Two 2-seater leather sofas may suit a smaller room better than one 3-seater and an armchair, and offer more flexibility.

Sofas can often look bigger in your home than in the showroom so measure your living space carefully.

How to Care for Your Leather Sofa

Leather will last a lifetime if treated with respect and properly cared for.

For minor spills use a cloth dampened sparingly with washing up liquid. For tougher stains you may need a dedicated leather cleaner. This may also contain a leather feeder which should be used occasionally to retain the fat liqour and give some protection to the surface.

About the Author

Written by Sam Neumann of Premium Sofas, where you can choose and buy a quality leather sofa and leather furniture online at
Premium Sofas
including 2 seaters, 3 seaters leather armchairs, and sofabeds.

English Riding

English Riding

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Ladies English Paddock Shoes Riding Boots leather Lace Dark Brow Suede Size 11


Ladies English Paddock Shoes Riding Boots leather Lace Dark Brow Suede Size 11


$25.50


Paddock Shoes Riding Boots Ladies English leather Lace Lt Tan Suede Size 6.5


Paddock Shoes Riding Boots Ladies English leather Lace Lt Tan Suede Size 6.5


$24.50


LYCRA SHOULDER GUARD CENTAUR BRAND BLUE SIZE SMALL NEW ENGLISH RIDING SUPPLY


LYCRA SHOULDER GUARD CENTAUR BRAND BLUE SIZE SMALL NEW ENGLISH RIDING SUPPLY


$29.99


LYCRA SHOULDER GUARD CENTAUR BRAND BLUE SIZE SMALL NEW ENGLISH RIDING SUPPLY


LYCRA SHOULDER GUARD CENTAUR BRAND BLUE SIZE SMALL NEW ENGLISH RIDING SUPPLY


$29.99


Status Brand English Riding Beige Breeches Size 32 Long


Status Brand English Riding Beige Breeches Size 32 Long


$24.95


MADE IN BRAZIL BROWN LEATHER ENGLISH RIDING BOOTS 8 M WOMEN'S U.S.A.x


MADE IN BRAZIL BROWN LEATHER ENGLISH RIDING BOOTS 8 M WOMEN’S U.S.A.x


$44.99


Ariat English Riding Boots Women's Size 7


Ariat English Riding Boots Women’s Size 7


$50.00


VF Ladies Field Boots laces tall English riding Equestrian Tan Black Brown Wide


VF Ladies Field Boots laces tall English riding Equestrian Tan Black Brown Wide


$199.99


Used English Horse EGGBUTT  SNAFFLE BIT 5


Used English Horse EGGBUTT SNAFFLE BIT 5″ copper mouth Trail riding training


$29.99


1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


1 ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


$19.99


ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


ENGLISH LEATHER RIDING SADDLE


$19.99


The Effingham Field English Riding Boots Womens Size 8.5


The Effingham Field English Riding Boots Womens Size 8.5


$70.00


The Effingham Field English Riding Boot Womens Size 9


The Effingham Field English Riding Boot Womens Size 9


$70.00


Dublin Easy Care Purple Half Chaps Adult Small NEW English Horse Riding NICE!


Dublin Easy Care Purple Half Chaps Adult Small NEW English Horse Riding NICE!


$18.99


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 26 R NEW English Horse Riding


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 26 R NEW English Horse Riding


$19.99


IRH English Riding Helmet Silver Stripe size 7 1/4


IRH English Riding Helmet Silver Stripe size 7 1/4


$55.00


Dublin Easy Care Purple Half Chaps Adult XL NEW English Horse Riding NICE


Dublin Easy Care Purple Half Chaps Adult XL NEW English Horse Riding NICE


$18.99


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 34 R NEW English Horse Riding


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 34 R NEW English Horse Riding


$22.50


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 28 L NEW English Horse Riding


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 28 L NEW English Horse Riding


$19.99


Kincade Non Gull English Girth Horse Ride 48


Kincade Non Gull English Girth Horse Ride 48″ NEW Black


$13.99


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 36 R NEW English Horse Riding


On Course Premier Front Zip Breeches Blue Ladies 36 R NEW English Horse Riding


$21.00


NWT Devon-Aire Girls Sz 10R $60 Beige English Horseback Riding/Show Jodphurs


NWT Devon-Aire Girls Sz 10R $60 Beige English Horseback Riding/Show Jodphurs


$22.99


Equestrian Vintage Riding Helmet-Beautiful English Cap


Equestrian Vintage Riding Helmet-Beautiful English Cap


$26.43


Ladies Beige SIGMA English Stretch Riding Breeches 30 Reg


Ladies Beige SIGMA English Stretch Riding Breeches 30 Reg


$9.95


Dublin Easy Care Pink Half Chaps Sz XL NEW English Horse Riding NICE


Dublin Easy Care Pink Half Chaps Sz XL NEW English Horse Riding NICE


$18.99


Gold Colored English Riding Show Jumping Stud Earrings


Gold Colored English Riding Show Jumping Stud Earrings


$20.00


LADIES/GIRLS ENGLISH RIDING CHAPS SIZE XS


LADIES/GIRLS ENGLISH RIDING CHAPS SIZE XS


$15.00


Custom English Riding Jumping Horse Welcome Sign Steel


Custom English Riding Jumping Horse Welcome Sign Steel


$40.00


Tailored Sportsman English Riding Breeches Size 26 used


Tailored Sportsman English Riding Breeches Size 26 used


$39.99


Equine Comfort Products Air Ride A/P English Saddle Pad


Equine Comfort Products Air Ride A/P English Saddle Pad


$42.00


Choosing the right horse riding clothing

We’ll all have seen movies with characters riding on horseback, whether it’s a western or a period drama it seems that riding a horse is often the most dramatic method of transport.  The trouble is that they can often present a false image of what clothing is best for horse riding and if emulated in real life can have bad consequences from discomfort to serious injuries.

Your riding style may dictate different fashions but essentially the clothing you’ll be wearing will be similar.

Riding Jodhpurs, Breeches or Jeans

Typically western style riding is associated with wearing jeans, it’s important not to wear loose jeans as these can cause nasty chaffing.  Western riding is typically associated with chaps too, made of leather these do well to protect against the elements but also any brush or branches you may encounter.  English riding is often associated with jodhpurs which are fitted trousers with a cuff near the ankle.  This allows the wearer to wear shorter boots as opposed to knee high riding boots.

Shirts, Jackets and coats

For the upper body it’s normal to wear a long sleeve shirt to protect the rider from the sun, especially in hotter climates.  For cold weather conditions a jacket or coat may be more suitable to wear over any usual garments.  With coats and jackets it’s important to keep them closed/buttoned up and that you are able to move freely so you are able to keep control.  It’s advised to refrain from short sleeved shirts or t-shirts as these don’t provide protection to the arms from objects or brush.

Footwear and horse riding boots

Footwear is important and careful consideration needs to be taken with regards to the sole of the shoe or boot.  Flat shoes are not advised as in the event of some sort of accident then your foot could slip through the stirrup and get your leg caught.  The solution is to go for a proper horse riding boot or cowboy boot with a defined heel of around 1 inch; this would keep your feet in the correct position preventing your foot becoming caught.

Headwear for protection and safety

Typically western styles depicted in TV and film show horse riders wearing cowboy hats and whilst this protects the rider’s head and neck form the sun it becomes pretty ineffective in the event of an accident or a fall.  New riders and experienced riders alike will normally wear a riding helmet; make sure that they are fully certified to current standards when buying.

There are many retailers who sell horse riding supplies who will be able to inform you of the correct gear to buy and what safety equipment you should buy for the safety of you, the rider and your horse.

About the Author

For more information on horse riding boots and equestrian clothing, please visit Robinsons.

Holder Natural

What are you dog’s favourite treats you invented yourself?

My dog loves mashed tinned sardine with a couple of spoonfuls of natural yoghurt and some raw beef mince. Sometimes I make a load and freeze balls of it in big ice cube holders so he can have a nice cold treat whenever.

Baby carrots. I didn’t invent baby carrots but my dogs love them and they are a great source of vitamin A.

eBay Logo  

Abetta Fox Head Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Fox Head Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.99


Abetta Roper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Roper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$26.95


Abetta Western Saddle Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Western Saddle Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Big Horn Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Big Horn Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


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Abetta Bear Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Bear Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


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Abetta Bull Rider Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Bull Rider Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


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Abetta Quail Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Quail Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Abetta Western Saddle Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Western Saddle Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Abetta Deerhead Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Deerhead Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Fox Head Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Fox Head Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Walleye Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Walleye Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Baseball Cell Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Baseball Cell Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


100% Natural Himalayan Rock Salt Brick & Holder-4lb


100% Natural Himalayan Rock Salt Brick & Holder-4lb


$34.95


Abetta Moose Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Moose Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$30.95


Abetta Faith Cowboy Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Faith Cowboy Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Abetta Bear Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Bear Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Jumper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Jumper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$28.95


Abetta Polo Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Polo Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Bass Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Bass Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.99


Abetta Racing Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Racing Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Turkey Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Turkey Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Dressage Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Dressage Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.99


Abetta Driving Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Driving Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$31.95


Abetta Tooled Saddle Cell Phone Holder- Natural


Abetta Tooled Saddle Cell Phone Holder- Natural


$36.95


Abetta Walking Horse Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Walking Horse Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Abetta Mare & Foal Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Mare & Foal Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$28.95


Abetta Lacrosse Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Lacrosse Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.99


Abetta Football Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


Abetta Football Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 2


$32.95


Abetta Racing Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Racing Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Abetta Jumper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


Abetta Jumper Cell Phone Holder-Natural-Size 1


$32.95


Western Headstall

Western Headstall

eBay Logo  

Headstall 862 Bridle Western Saddle Med Oil SALE!


Headstall 862 Bridle Western Saddle Med Oil SALE!


$32.99


Headstall 865 Bridle Western Saddle Dark Oil SALE


Headstall 865 Bridle Western Saddle Dark Oil SALE


$32.99


Headstall 028 Bridle Western Saddle MED Oil SALE!


Headstall 028 Bridle Western Saddle MED Oil SALE!


$32.99


New Western Brown Giraffe Headstall Reins Breast Collar Horse Tack Set


New Western Brown Giraffe Headstall Reins Breast Collar Horse Tack Set


$90.99


Headstall 030 Bridle Western Saddle MED Oil SALE!


Headstall 030 Bridle Western Saddle MED Oil SALE!


$32.99


COWBOY HORSE BRIDLE WESTERN HERMAN OAK LEATHER WORKING HEADSTALL TACK USA HS6


COWBOY HORSE BRIDLE WESTERN HERMAN OAK LEATHER WORKING HEADSTALL TACK USA HS6


$49.99


New Reinsman Western Horse Headstall WALNUT Browband


New Reinsman Western Horse Headstall WALNUT Browband


$32.95


New Tex Tan Overlay Browband Horse Size Western Headstall


New Tex Tan Overlay Browband Horse Size Western Headstall


$34.95


New REINSMAN Black Western Horse Headstall Futurity Knot 5/8


New REINSMAN Black Western Horse Headstall Futurity Knot 5/8″


$32.95


New Reinsman Black Browband Horse Western Headstall


New Reinsman Black Browband Horse Western Headstall


$32.95


New Tex Tan 5/8


New Tex Tan 5/8″ Chestnut Leather Horse Western Headstall


$32.95


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL BREASTCOLLAR ZEBRA SET


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL BREASTCOLLAR ZEBRA SET


$99.99


BRIDLE BREAST COLLAR WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL TACK TURQUOISE CRYSTALS BLING #32


BRIDLE BREAST COLLAR WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL TACK TURQUOISE CRYSTALS BLING #32


$139.99


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL BREASTCOLLAR TACK SET RODEO TAN TURQUOISE


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL BREASTCOLLAR TACK SET RODEO TAN TURQUOISE


$139.99


AMERICAN COWHIDE TOOLED LEATHER PAINTED INLAY WESTERN HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR 4F


AMERICAN COWHIDE TOOLED LEATHER PAINTED INLAY WESTERN HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR 4F


$139.00


New F468 Western Leather Tack Headstall Bridle & Breast Collar Set With Reins


New F468 Western Leather Tack Headstall Bridle & Breast Collar Set With Reins


$125.01


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL ZEBRA HAIR ON PINK TAN


BRIDLE WESTERN LEATHER HEADSTALL ZEBRA HAIR ON PINK TAN


$44.99


New F472 Western Tack Zebra Print Hair On Leather Bridle Headstall Breast Collar


New F472 Western Tack Zebra Print Hair On Leather Bridle Headstall Breast Collar


$135.00


WESTERN BLING CRYSTAL HANDTOOLED LEATHER BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR F278


WESTERN BLING CRYSTAL HANDTOOLED LEATHER BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR F278


$135.00


F473 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED PAINTED INLAY BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


F473 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED PAINTED INLAY BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


$135.01


WESTERN LEATHER HAND PAINTED TOOLED HORSE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR RHINESTONE - F


WESTERN LEATHER HAND PAINTED TOOLED HORSE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR RHINESTONE – F


$109.36


NEW F474 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED LEATHER BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


NEW F474 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED LEATHER BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


$135.02


Raw hide Romal Reins For Western Saddle Headstall Tack


Raw hide Romal Reins For Western Saddle Headstall Tack


$48.00


FN7605 Western Leather Tack Headstall Bridle & Breast Collar Set


FN7605 Western Leather Tack Headstall Bridle & Breast Collar Set


$125.05


F475 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED PAINTED INLAY BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


F475 WESTERN TACK HAND TOOLED PAINTED INLAY BRIDLE HEADSTALL BREAST COLLAR SET


$135.03


TAN Pink Conc Western Show Headstall Breast P Rein Pony


TAN Pink Conc Western Show Headstall Breast P Rein Pony


$56.00


FN7604 Western Leather Tack Headstall Bridle & Breast Collar Set


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How to Write Your First Western Novel Part 1

A Western Novel is unique in many ways. When reading, there are certain elements that you know are going to be in the Western before you ever open the book. Horses, guns, romance, action and of course the villains, are all elements of the perfect Western novel. When you are trying to write your first Western novel, putting these elements into a story that captivates the reader can be a daunting challenge.

When I wrote Radersburg Gold, my first Western novel, I wasn’t, to say the least; too sure I could get it done.  Everyone talks about how they are going to write a book someday. It sounds so cool to say it.  Especially when you’ve just been through a wild ride caused by some outside force, like a plastic bag blowing through the air and wrapping across your horses face, hanging up in the headstall of your bridle and making that rapid fluttering sound in his ear. As you are picking yourself up off the dirt and your riding partner is about to fall off their horse into the dirt, from laughing so hard, it sounds cool to say, that could only happen to me. I’m going to write a book someday. It’s a whole different story when that day shows up and you start to write.

So, what does a rookie writer need to get started and give themselves the best chance to finish with a good book to show for their effort?

Practical experience or knowledge is good. I don’t mean you have to have gone on a cattle drive from Texas to Montana in order to be able to write effectively. Although, it wouldn’t hurt to have at least moved cattle from one pasture to another or attended a few brandings as a participating member of the crew. Doctoring cattle, just you and your horse, in a five hundred acre pasture can give a person quite a bit of practical experience in a short time.

Having a rope burn through your hand while you’re trying to get your dally or seeing your colt’s ears disappear out of sight as he bogs his head to go to bucking these can be, no pun intended, crash courses in practical knowledge. Making the ride or not making the ride, shooting a forty five Colt or a Winchester rifle, these are all good pieces of experience to help qualify a writer to tackle his first Western.

Too many times in my life have I looked forward to reading a new Western I’d just bought and had it ruined by a writer who didn’t know what he was talking about. I know one writer who is a walking history book about the Old West but couldn’t saddle a horse with three people just like him helping him. It’s not a requirement to know what you’re talking about when you’re a writer, but I believe it helps.

Due to possible slander charges being brought against me, I won’t mention any names of the books or the authors I’m using here but I will give you a few examples so you can understand what I’m talking about.

Not so long ago, as far as the time table of the world is concerned, a novel came out that dealt with the world of training horses.  It was very popular and it made it’s way to the silver screen. I didn’t watch the movie version for several years because I had made the mistake of reading the novel first. It was, I must say, one of those cases where the movie was better than the book, mainly because the movie got rid of most of the mistakes found in the book. Mistakes made due to ignorance are still mistakes, at least that’s what I think.

Now, don’t get me wrong this book was best seller. It made a lot of money. Yes, I may be a little jealous but I’m jealous about a lot of books I wish I’d written for the sake of how much money they made. I still liked those other books… Harry Potter comes to my mind right off.

But, back to what was wrong with this particular novel. So much so that it ruined, what was otherwise a good book, for me.

First off, when the horse was injured and traumatized the author had two boys cutting a V shaped notch out of the stall door and catching the horse’s head in it to doctor him. This told me right off the bat this guy didn’t know a cow stanchion from a lead rope. I have no problem with taking poetic license in order to jazz up a story but it needs, at least in this type of a story, to at least be possible. You could doctor a cow this way, maybe sheep and goats as well (I’ve never been a sheep herder so I really can’t say for sure) but trying to doctor a horse like this is something I hope none of you ever try to do.

For those who don’t know, when you pull down on a horse’s head it’s their natural tendency to pull back. To make a long explanation short it, if you slammed an already traumatized horses head, or any horses head for that matter, into a solid chute gate like this, he would probably never quit fighting until after he had broken his neck or torn the stall door apart.  It’s likely he would have injured the boys trying to doctor him if not killed them out right as well. If you’ve never seen the strength of a twelve hundred pound horse, that is scared, let me tell you, it’s an intimidating sight you’d probably never believe unless you did see it.

So, let’s say we go ahead and swallow this first lump of coal and we try to get past it and enjoy the rest of the story. This was a pattern that repeated itself all the way through the book.  I did, after all, want to like this book. It was a best seller I didn’t want to miss the band wagon and be the odd man out. But, every time I started to get back into the romance between the cowboy and the lady another, meant to give you a warm and fuzzy feeling, warm the cockles of your heart, phony scene would show up and jerk me right out of the good mood I was starting to enjoy. Here’s one I remember vividly.

The story goes on and now the hero is sitting, on the now un-traumatized horse, due to his superior skills with equines, on a high mountain ridge watching the two heroines pushing the white faced cattle up the hillside to the Wyoming summer pasture. Our Hero looks off on the other side of the ridge and sees the Mule deer doe, heavy with fawn, bat her big brown eyes at him, just before the buck prods her away with his antlers.

At this point I nearly threw the book through the wall of my house.  If you are going to write a pile of mush like that I think you ought to, as a writer, at least take the time to research it at least a little bit and get it right!

It’s a beautiful scene, you say, what’s wrong with it?  I’m glad you ask.  By the time the ranches take the cattle to summer pasture, the fawns are already on the ground and are getting pretty self reliant.

At this time of the year the bucks and does aren’t in bands together.  The bucks are in the higher country eating the mineral rich high grass in order to grow the best set of antlers they can. This is necessary for them to do, so they can fight off the other more inferior bucks in the fall and get to do the most breeding.

Last but not least, the buck’s antlers are in velvet. They are soft and easily damaged at this time of the year and the bucks are not prodding anything with them. The whole scene was made up, fairy tale, hog wash. It would’ve taken less than fifteen minutes to have looked up the information about the habits of Mule deer and written just as pretty of a scene that would’ve have actually been possible to have happened.

Another popular book tells of the hero running and leaping onto his horse, jamming his foot into the stirrup and stabbing his toe into his horse’s flanks, taking off in a mighty leap to pursue the bad guy. So?  Either our hero is a contortionist or he mounted his horse backwards.

These types of errors would be omitted with just a little bit of practical knowledge. If you can’t go out and actually ride, rope, work cattle or chase up or down a mountain, then you can at least research the anatomy of horses enough to not have your hero riding off in hot pursuit facing the wrong way.

About the Author

Troy Andrew Smith was born in the small rural town of Nowata, Oklahoma. He was raised on a ten acre place just outside of town and grew up dreaming of being a cowboy.

As an adult, Troy worked as a ranch hand, machinist, carpenter, guide, dude wrangler, and Country Western Singer. He also wrote a weekly column for the Nowata newspaper and had several of his Cowboy Poems published in various publications.

While attending film school at Montana State University, Troy supplemented his income with movie jobs in the summers and started writing novels and screenplays. He has ridden horses or driven teams in numerous movies and TV shows, including three seasons on HBO’s series DEADWOOD.

At this time Troy is concentrating his efforts on his skills as a Screenwriter, Author and Actor.

Troy Andrew Smith is the author of Radersburg Gold published by Hailstone Press.

Visit hailstonepress/radersburggold